Kodak Film Tank & accessories, circa 1916.

Collection
Trial Bay Gaol, Arakoon State Conservation Area, South West Rocks, NSW, Australia

Object Name
Kodak Film Tank

Object/Collection Description
The Kodak Film Tank comes as a part of a kit comprising 1: a negative holder 105mm wide x 185mm long, 2: a film tank with two film spools inside 235mm wide x 280mm long x 145 high, 3: a booklet of instructions 100mm wide x 170mm long, 4: a wooden developing tray & 5: a metal film cylinder 240mm long x 95mm diameter.

The outbreak of fighting in Europe in August 1914 immediately brought Australia into the ‘Great War’. Within one week of the declaration of war all German subjects in Australia were declared ‘enemy aliens’ and were required to report and notify the Government of their address. In February 1915 enemy aliens were interned either voluntarily or on an enforced basis. In New South Wales the principal place of internment was the Holsworthy Military Camp where between 4,000 and 5,000 men were detained. Women and children of German and Austrian descent detained by the British in Asia were interned at Bourke and later Molonglo near Canberra. Former gaols were also used. Men were interned at Berrima gaol (constructed 1840s) and Trial Bay gaol (constructed 1889). The internees at Trial Bay Gaol created their own management committees that organised entertainment, sport, culture and arts activities. The Kodak film tank was used by internees to take and develop photographs of the Trial Bay Camp. The internees were members of the photography club at the camp.

The Kodak Film Tank is a part of a collection of objects integral to the fabric of the Trial Bay Gaol heritage site and provides the distinctive character of the place. Its primary significance lies in its relationship to the themes of wartime internment experience, racial antagonism & fear of subversion and Australia’s links to and following of Britain’s wartime foreign policies after Federation. The Collection interprets the story and provides evidence of the experience of the German internee’s life at Trial Bay, the attitudes of the German internees to the war and internment and their relationships to other German communities in NSW both interred and free. The camp newspaper Welt am Montag produced by the internees gave a running commentary of politics, the local German perspective on the progress of the war and an insight to the conditions and grievances of life at the camp. The Kodak Film Tank, the photography equipment and photographs taken and developed by the internees made reflect the strong sense of community, boredom & hobbies and activities to fill in time and a longing for families and children.

The Kodak Film Tank has aesthetic significance in the capturing and printing of photographs of the Trial Bay internment camp.

The Kodak Film Tank provides a research tool for historians to explore the First World War chapter of Australian history and give the story a wider meaning in the context of the History of migration & settlement of Australia. The material culture of the Trial Bay Collection reveals of the diverse skills and backgrounds of the people interned there, including their educational and cultural background. Members of the Trial Bay internee community included wealthy industrialists, doctors, academics, publishers, professionals and entrepreneurs from Australia and South East Asia as well as Australian guards and Soldiers.

There is substantial social value in the object as material culture and fabric of a site associated with internment. Internees and guards families have a common link to the place and many local residents have developed a strong attachment to the place. Many local residents are collectors and amateur historians carrying out many years of research and documenting the history of the site and the Collection. A lot of information still resides in the memories of the South West Rocks community. The place is a focal point for both Australians of Germans decent and visiting German nationals. The Kodak Film Tank is a part of a collection that has strong links to the community. It is part of a group of objects that holds pride of place in the Trial Bay Museum as an inherently German object from World War One. NPWS Curator of the Trial Bay Museum has undertaken substantial research on the Collection.

The Kodak Film Tank is well provenanced to the site. The Trial Bay Collection is rare in that it relates specifically to the German internee occupation of the site and it is associated with those particular people who emerge as significant participants at Trial Bay and World War One NSW German internment camp history. The Kodak Film Tank was used by the internees to take and develop photographs of the Trial Bay Camp. The Kodak Film Tank is from the Collection of George Mertens a former internee. Other photographers associated with the Camp are Paul Dubotzki and E. Frolich. The book was donated in the early 1980’s.

The Kodak Film Tank is rare in that it relates specifically to the German internee occupation of the site and it is associated with those particular people who emerge as significant participants at the Trial Bay Camp and World War One NSW German internment camp history. These people include the camp artists Max Hertz, who was also an orthopaedic surgeon, Kurt Viese, who went onto become head of Animation for Disney Animation and Camp photographer Derbotsky. George Mertens and E. Frolich were prominent collectors of the work of the Trial Bay internee photographers. Frolich donated a considerable collection of Trial Bay photographs to the Australian War Memorial.

The object represents the culture and traditions of the German internees. It bears similarities with the photography and craft type artefacts of the internees of the Berrima internment camp. This object shows a strong German arts influence in the Camp and the resulting photographs represent a symbol of German internee’s boredom and taking up creative activities to fill time and document everyday life in the Camp. The Kodak Film Tank, as part of a larger Trail Bay Internee Collection represents Australia’s strong historic links to Britain and the adherence to British foreign policy after Federation. The Collection represents Australia’s fear of subversion during the war and racial antagonism to cultural minorities in war time. The Collection represents a time when Australia still looked to Britain for foreign policy and held deep suspicions of non British immigrants. This is evidenced in the concentration camp nature of the internment, the isolation of the place, the boredom that resulted in the Collection of detailed and precise photographs of everyday life at the Camp

The condition of the Kodak Film Tank is good. It is significant that such an object remains in good condition, intact and at the place it has an historical association with.

The importance of the Kodak Film Tank lies it’s potential to interpret the place a site associated to internment, the internment camp itself and the experience of German communities. The Collection presents the opportunity to interpret the stories of various individuals who were interred at Trial Bay and those who were deported after the War only to return as migrants and become successful members of the Australian community despite their experiences.

Coupe, S. & Andrews, M.
Was it only Yesterday? Australia in the Twentieth Century World,
Longman Cheshire, Sydney, 1992.

Davies, P.
Trial Bay Gaol Conservation Management & Cultural Tourism Plan,
NPWS, 2000.

Fischer, G.W. & Helmi, N.
Internment at Trial Bay during World War One,
unpublished thematic history,
MHC & NPWS, 2004.

Fischer, G.W.
Enemy Aliens,
QUP, 1989.

Regional Histories of NSW,
Heritage Office & Dept of Urban Affairs & Planning, Sydney, 1996.

Significance: A guide to assessing the significance of cultural heritage objects and collections,
Heritage Collections Council. 2001.